Why is academic writing equated to thinking brainly. Writing the paper is never “just” the writing part.
Why is academic writing equated to thinking brainly In an early article on process-oriented writing, Rohman (1965) described pre-writing as "the stage of discovery in the writing process when a person assimilates his 'subject' to himself" (p. That’s why it’s so hard. This helps to advance knowledge and contribute to the collective understanding of a particular subject. There should be no room for misunderstanding, so we use words that have very narrow definitions. txt) or read online for free. Revised on January 6, 2025. txt), PDF File (. But why does academic writing require strict formatting? Academic writing requires strict formatting because it enhances readability, ensures consistent evaluation, promotes professionalism, supports intellectual property rights, aids in organization, ensures accessibility, and facilitates efficient publishing. pdf), Text File (. The first one is complexity, written texts Creative writing and academic writing are often seen as being at odds with one another. The website 'History: The Silk Road' may not be an appropriate source for academic research for several reasons: Reliability: The credibility of the website is uncertain because it does not provide clear information about its authors, their credentials, or the organization behind the site. Hello! I'm the Brainly AI Helper, and I'm here to help you understand why critical thinking is important. It is considered by some to be one of the most challenging skills for students to master. Explanation: kasi lumalayas ito sa tite. 11. Besides analytical thinking, academic writing also helps improve a student’s critical thinking ability. The formal nature of academic writing can be attributed to critical thinking by putting in to consideration the careful choice of the language to be used. Also, the thinking process can vary Academic writing boosts critical thinking, research skills, and communication abilities needed for college and career success. A framework or structure will also allow you to break down the daunting task of writing a longer document into more manageable sections. Academic writing serves as a tool of communication that conveys acquired knowledge in a specific field of study. Reliable academic sources typically include author credentials Why is academic writing equated to thinking? Fundamentally, Academic writing is the transformation of your original thought into a transferable, tangible form. Because spiritual writing is used in every research by students, professors and researchers to express their views and to argue and to have scholarly conversations. Differences of academic writing and non academic writing also their The term scientific means it requires method of inquiry. Research can only Critical thinking is the process of analyzing and evaluating information before forming opinions, crucial for producing reasoned arguments in academic writing. They cannot be done either. This approach necessitates a thorough comprehension of the subject matter and the capacity to consider and assess data critically, enabling the investigation of intricate concepts and the Writing is a skill that is required in many contexts throughout life. 84) offer some suggestions for distinguishing between the academic and the non-academic voice: • “healthy scepticism but not cynicism; • confidence but not ‘cockiness’ or Academic writing is the process of breaking down Ideas in a structural, focused manner in order to increase ones understanding on a particular thing. Some other purposes of writing academic Academic writing and literary writing are significantly different, definition, purpose, audience, and so on, there have a lot of differences. Whether you are writing an essay, an assignment, a book chapter, a letter or and email to your friend, all need proper thinking and time. In academic writing, signal phrases alert readers to information that comes directly from a source. What does academic writing require - 2277359. This page describes some common structures in academic writing: the three-part essay structure What you do at the pre-writing stage will affect your writing and how your text develops. Which three phrases describe political revolutions in Latin America in the twentieth century? a. A blog is most times meant for entertainment. Additionally, it entails highlighting the Finding your academic voice. pdf) or read online for free. It is a rigorous process of thinking, re-thinking, challenging one’s thinking, improving one’s thinking and correcting one’s thinking Fundamentally, Academic writing is the transformation of your original thought into a transferable, tangible form. Critical thinking: Writing academically requires you to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information from various sources. Why is academic writing equivalent to thinking? - 11605361. This socio-political role is more complex than that of a 'linguist', who primarily specializes in languages. It helps them determine what perspective is appropriate to write from, and it provides them with an understanding of what is going to either appeal to or deter their audience. In using this metaphor, Henry is not saying that experience literally is a lamp; rather, he uses the lamp to illustrate how experience illuminates our understanding, helping us navigate Otherwise, academia might not be the cake you should be eating in the long run. **Structured Organization**: Academic writing follows a clear structure, typically including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. promoted the spread of Why is it important for students to develop their critical thinking skills - 6390066. Writing the paper is never “just” the writing part. This aligns with the overall structure of persuasive writing, where each paragraph builds on the thesis statement. Why is academic text equated to thinking? See answer Advertisement Why is academic writing equated to thingking? - 641139 Why is academic writing connected with thinking? - 19196370 Why is academic wriying equated to yhinking - 358788 What is academic writing equated to critical thinking ? See answers Advertisement Advertisement rebechepriscilla rebechepriscilla Answer: tamod po. 5. supported free elections in every town and village every year d. Further explanation: Academic means higher education. What is the language used in academic text and non-academic text? 10. Journalism and reporting rely on this type of thesis statement. In popular culture, the term rhetoric functions as a “contronym” or “auto Second, I discuss reasons why, despite such criticism, academics persevere with their writing. Law students read centuries-old cases written in the most obtuse language by Lord Thistlewig, which in turn influences how lawyers write, which influences how academics write and so on down the line. yaa really kro se Get the Brainly App The role of Critical Thinking In the characteristics of Academic Writing. Each paragraph focuses on a specific point or idea, and the overall piece of writing is well-organized and coherent. Writing the paper is never “just” the Academic writing uses sources to support its claims. 'cause even though you didn't notice our minds and hands interact on whag we are writing so it can give the brain the words you write and you can remember it. It requires a careful analysis of data, along with the consideration of multiple perspectives and potential consequences of decisions. Also, the thinking process can vary from person to person. Thirdly, academic writing helps develop critical thinking and analytical skills, as it requires writers to evaluate evidence, construct coherent arguments, and engage with complex ideas. That is, to gain tenure and to get published in academic journals, one is rewarded for the denseness of one’s writing, not whether it can be easily understood. Some of the critical thinking examples in academics are discussed below. Strong academic writing leads to better grades, more scholarship opportunities, and improved 2 Why is revising and editing essential in academic writing To make the writing process longer and more tedious To refine your ideas improve the structure and clarity of your writing To add unnecessary details and complexity to the text To plagiarize and copy from other sources to make the writing appear more credible O Karam uo 546171 14/6/2024 014803 Search for jobs related to Why is academic writing important or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 23m+ jobs. Academic writing is equated to thinking because it is done by students, researchers, professors, and writers to convey scholarly thoughts and ideas. This is worth considering: it is during this early stage of Why do you think academic writing requires such strict formatting? Beyond appearance, proper formatting plays a crucial role in organizing ideas, improving readability, and meeting academic standards. Case Study 1: Evaluating A Scientific Research Paper. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Published on March 20, 2015 by Shane Bryson. Why is acaemic writing is equated to thinking - 602480. Many Academic writing is always a form of evaluation that asks you to demonstrate knowledge and show proficiency with certain disciplinary skills of thinking, interpreting, and presenting. What is academic writing and its importance? Academic writing is clear, concise, focussed, structured and backed [] Academic writing serves as a tool of communication that conveys acquired knowledge in a specific field of study. It directly affects grades, reader engagement, and feedback. It is time to practice analyzing political cartoons. See answer Advertisement Advertisement love2847 love2847 Answer: Academic writing is equated to thinking because it is done by students, researchers, professors, and writers to convey scholarly thoughts and ideas. The Academic Writing Situation. It notes academic writing relies on facts and validating sources using references and charts. What is academic writing? What its features? 2. It is only applicable in the works of literature Academic writing is notoriously strict. However, the skills improved to write academic papers are important not only for the development within the narrow field of Encouragement of Higher Order Thinking: Academic language often requires students to engage in critical thinking and analysis. Through this reflection, it becomes evident that critical thinking is an interwoven process of evaluating situations, making judgments, and expressing oneself, which, when executed effectively, can Importance-of-academic-writing - Free download as Text File (. This differs from personal or creative writing, which Fundamentally, Academic writing is the transformation of your original thought into a transferable, tangible form. When you engage in critical writing you are developing your own academic voice within your subject. The correct definition of reflective thinking is: "Analyzing past decisions and situations to gain better insight into ourselves. ; Furthermore, using reliable Academic writing has become an increasingly important part of education as parents and educators realize the value of critical thinking skills and preparing students for college. Sources are other texts (or media objects like photographs or films) that the author analyzes or uses as evidence. Search for jobs related to Why is academic writing so boring or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 23m+ jobs. Examples of Critical Thinking in Academics. Formal, academic writing prioritizes clarity and preciseness, hence it employs a professional and direct form of expression. They recently found that reflective writing skills were a predictor of academic success in certain learning assessment formats. Beside that, they are also have some similarities. Difference between academic writing and other types of writing. Wellington et al. Writers need to meet the expectations of the tutors for a successful writing. Critical Thinking Application: Scrutinising Methodology: Academic writing is compared to thinking because it necessitates writers to delve extensively into their subject matter, evaluate various viewpoints, and develop well-reasoned arguments. 3. But if you think positively you will find it the best way to pass your time. As in other areas of inquiry, science (through scientific method) can build on previous knowledge and develop more understanding of its topics of study over time. (2005, p. Explanation: Explanation:Developing a structure or framework for your writing will ensure that the most important points are covered at the appropriate point in the writing. What is reflective thinking? Culled from the word "reflect" which means to think about a past event, reflective thinking deals mainly with personal experiences that have ALREADY occurred in order to gain insights from them and Final answer: The term 'okyeame' refers to a spokesperson in Ghanaian culture who, beyond translating, plays roles of diplomacy and counsel. Its content Why Is Academic Writing So Academic? by Joshua Rothman - Free download as PDF File (. In academic writing you avoid using contractions ,for example can't ,wont; instead you use can not, will not. Critical thinking: Academic writing requires students to think critically and analytically. resulted in the death and disappearance of many protesters e. This is also why writers are advised to avoid things that make papers hard to read like long sentences or passive voice. arose from a need to ease poverty and political instability b. Why is academic writing equated to thinking? 4. Why is academic writing equated to thinking? - 7766193 Answer: It is out of the question that thinking is an indispensable part of academic writing. Many of your sources will be written by other academics; academic To write well is to think clearly. An example of proficiency in the first area would be the ability to write a sentence with correct punctuation and spellings. Objective: Academic writing is objective – the emphasis is placed on the arguments and information, rather than on the writer’s beliefs. Some key characteristics of good academic writing are then outlined, including organization with a clear Precise: Academic writing should be clear and precise. Any university assignments that draw on the ideas, words or research of other writers must contain citations. What is the importance of academic writing? 3. Critical thinking is one of the most special and unique qualities of humans. Advertisement Advertisement devibarjessavel devibarjessavel Get the Brainly App The main difference between academic writing and general writing is that academic writing is very formal, objective and concise in comparison to other styles of writing. Hope it helps :> thankyou Get the Brainly App Academic Literacy is the proficiency gained in three primary areas. However, academic writing is quite different from personal writing because it follows its own set of rules and practices: Ideas are usually organised in a formal order or structure. Why is academic writing equated to thinking?-Academic writing is equated to thinking because it is done by students, researchers, professors, and writers to convey scholarly thoughts and ideas. These areas are grammar, spelling, and manuscript format; writing, reading, and critical thinking; and research, writing and documenting. I have collagues like you who really struggle with writing, with one particularily coming up to my mind. It is important to learn academic writing as it enhances critical thinking, communication skills, and is essential in higher education and future professional endeavors. . To rephrase effectively, you need to analyze the original text, identify its core ideas, and then find a new way to express them. 4. They are used to introduce and attribute information to their original author, indicating to readers that the writer is using someone else's ideas or words. Writing is a mysterious and magical process that will allow a person to think differently. What is academic writing equated to thinking ? See answer Advertisement 3. It is only through the writings of the Academy that we can channelize our thinking into our writing It's beneath them to write like a common pleb, because they are Serious Academics writing for a Serious Audience. Critical thinking is the ability to analyze information, evaluate evidence, and make reasoned judgments. this allows us to connect ideas and inspire us to make our own. It begins by defining academic writing as writing done in a formal style for academic assessment. (Option E). why is academic writing equated to thinking Because you think of the words you want to write. Academic writing needs students to look at ideas and research from a different perspective. The biggest problem I see in freshman writers is a poor sense of the writing situation in general. What is Rhetoric? Rhetoric is an umbrella term in the sense that it means so many different things to different people–and during different historical periods. Unlike creative writing, the main purpose of academic writing is to inform not to entertain. Academic writing is a specialized form of communication designed for scholarly purposes, with a focus on objectivity, research, and structured argumentation. Fostering Critical Thinking: Paraphrasing encourages critical thinking. Forging good titles in academic writing. <br /> - Under Herblock's Essays, select 1956-1965, and then select 1966-1975. Most academic texts follow established structures. It should be noted that when one is writing, it is important for the person to use credible sources because the audience expect the researcher to back up their assertions with facts. Furthermore, in many university assignments the correct use of structure is part of the final assessment. Inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea. The purpose of academic writing can be a vehicle for practicing ideas, Becoming a vehicle for transforming knowledge between schools and the community, Proving knowledge and scientific potential possessed by students, Proving in dealing with and solving problems, and Practicing basic skills in conducting research. 2. Part of it is tradition. It might be near the beginning of the work, but not always–some types of academic writing leave the thesis until the conclusion. answered Answer: Academic writing requires it's writers to have sophisticated vocabulary, critical thinking skills, correct grammar usage, and a good content writer. Get the Brainly App Academic writing is equated to thinking because it is done by students, researchers, professors, and writers to convey scholarly thoughts and ideas. Academic writing is clear, concise, formal, established, and has evidence. A blog includes personal and emotional details. Visit "Five Decades of Herblock" on The Washington Post website. Writing concisely is one of the attributes of a good writer. Third, I outline a number of approaches to the how of academic writing as a daily practice. There are 5 similarities between academic writing and literary writing in general : Clear Idea/Information ; Language use ; Role of Human Being ; Grammar use Academic writing is difficult to understand because it is trying to be extremely precise. they are usually doing it to know more about that specific topic and gain an understanding of what is Academic writing is conducted in several sets of forms and generes , normally in an impersonal and dispassionate tone , targeted for a critical and informed audience , based on closely investigated knowledge. Academic writing is always a form of evaluation that asks you to demonstrate knowledge and show proficiency with certain disciplinary skills of thinking, interpreting, and presenting. In addition, academic writing has its own 8 features as Complexity, Formality, Precision, Objectivity, Explicitness, Accuracy, Hedging, and Responsibility. The future may seem uncertain, but college will help you discover the career path that matches your interests and motivates you to become the best version of yourself. Can academic writing be creative? “Creative writing” is a term of art that we use to talk about fiction, poetry, and drama, but if we think about what the words in the phrase actually mean, something that’s creative is original; it has vitality. 84) offer some suggestions for distinguishing between the academic and the non-academic voice: • “healthy scepticism but not cynicism; • confidence but not ‘cockiness’ or Why Academic Writing is Important for a Student. In this section, we explore how formatting contributes to academic success To understand why this is a metaphor, it’s important to note that a lamp is a physical object that emits light, while experience is an abstract concept. Still, many students, parents, and even other teachers don’t have a great grasp on this area of learning and why it is so critical. what is academic writing ༺Ans͢͢͢wer༻ Academic writing or scholarly writing is nonfiction produced as part of academic work, including reports on empirical fieldwork or research in facilities for the natural sciences or social sciences, monographs in which scholars analyze culture, propose new theories, or develop . why is academic writing is equated in thinking? think about it, how can you write without thinking. Where we learn about the ability to master something related to education/science that has been tested for certainty so that it can be measured either in the The major goals of the research are to provide support for concepts, guide behavior, and advance understanding in a specific area of study. If you’re an academic in a writerly discipline, such as history, English, philosophy, or political science, the most important part of your work—practically and spiritually—is writing. It begins by defining academic writing as formal writing meant for other academics, using an objective voice without contractions. Scenario: A research paper claims that a new herbal supplement significantly improves memory in elderly individuals. We learn to analyse from our reading and come out with what is important. Academic writing is also called scholarly writing and, as is self-described, a formal writing style written by and for students and instructors. **Critical Thinking**: Academic writing encourages critical thinking by Critical thinking describes the objective and analytical study of facts in order to reach a rational conclusion. Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain The difference between academic writing and letter writing is: Academic writing is a writing that is clear, concise, focused, structured, and backed up by evidence. The correct formulation of questions in academic writing promotes deeper inquiry and understanding. 106). Explanation: In Robert Frost's poem "Fire and Ice," the poet explores the themes of desire, hatred, and destruction through the symbols of fire and ice. art that is created is reflected by the culture it is surrounded by. As such, at Englist we find it is important to not only 4. Scenario: A research paper claims that a new Answer: studying art history is sooo important! every artist that we learn about has contributed new methods and ideas in art, considering that they were all unique in their ways. Finding your academic voice. This writing is basically based on evidential arguments, logical reasoning, factual representation, precise and apt writing which all involves thinking to a great extent. You have to take information and communicate it in a way that makes sense to the reader. As academic writing is used particularly in academic institutions, it is expected to be nonfiction and purely based on facts, and therefore, be able to Final answer: Academic writing refers to a formal and organized style of writing used in educational settings and scholarly publications. Critical thinking must be trained and developed in order to become a natural response towards the world. 1. To be successful in this kind of writing, you must be completely aware of what the professor expects you Part of this requires use of ‘higher-order thinking skills’, which are the skills used to analyse and manipulate information (rather than just memorise it). Academic writing is characterized by evidence-based arguments, precise word choice, logical organization, and an impersonal tone. Scenario: A research paper claims that a new The difference between blog writing and academic writing are; A blog can include informal language. Writing strategies for scholarly publications in higher education have been essential to improving the quality of scientific articles. Complete the following steps for your assignment:<br /><br />1. Academic writing conventions emphasize that topic sentences in body paragraphs provide a clear direction for the argument and are followed by evidence that supports the claim. Additionally, mastering academic Academic writing is equated to thinking because it is done by students , researchers , professors , and writers to convey scholarly thoughts and ideas . For example, "I actually think it is very important to wash your hands". What Is an Anachronism? Definition and Examples Plainly put, the definition for anachronism is anything that is out of place in time, Critical thinking can be equated with a systematic process that involves evaluating information and examining underlying assumptions. Use the words with prefixes from Exercise A to complete the sentences below. Answer: here is the answer. Slang, sarcasm, and capitalization for emphasis, on the other hand, are not typically used in academic writing as they cater to more informal contexts and may not be understood universally. Academic writing is important in order to improve writing skills in terms of academics, Better language skills, and understanding of the subject. were influenced by the US anxiety regarding the spread of communism c. That is why, academic writing is effective to argue different academic issues according to the certain scheme. Here are several key reasons why it is important: 1. Many It guides the intent of their writing and determines how complex or how simple the piece should be. This writing is basically based on evidential arguments , logical reasoning , factual representation , precise and apt writing which all involves thinking to a great extent . “Here is my question,” David writes, “Why is academic writing so bad? Part of the answer,” he writes, “must be that the incentives make it bad. This process helps them develop their critical thinking skills, which are essential for success in many fields. Referencing is also a way to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas. <br /> - For both selections, read the essays and view the political cartoons associated with each decade. This skill enhances analysis, **Critical Thinking**: Academic writing encourages critical thinking by analyzing and evaluating information from multiple perspectives. What is Research? Research can be done by anyone like students, teachers, professionals, government, scientists, etc. This research aims (1) to describe writing strategies that B. In academic writing a clear structure and a logical flow are imperative to a cohesive text. 2. They have been putting up and procrastinating the tedious writing of papers for years now, which also significantly affects their overall progress. They need to evaluate and analyze information, synthesize ideas, and make logical arguments. Although academic writing is an educational requirement every student is expected to fulfill, its importance goes beyond good grades or completing university. Writing this concisely will be, "I think it is important to wash your Many people think the revision stage is the hardest is thinking critically about your own writing can be difficult. Explanation: Answer: · We began our discussion with the foundational question, “What is persuasive academic writing?” Eric Schmieder replied, “Academic persuasive writing is research-based articles intended to encourage others to see your point of view on a A reliable scholarly source is stressed in academic writing because it helps in providing genuine information about the topic that's being discussed. It uses formal language and colloquialism and slang are not used rather, casual language should only Final answer: Online reading tools are used to enhance critical-thinking skills, improve vocabulary comprehension, retain main ideas, increase academic success, and improve writing abilities by providing interactive and structured engagement with texts. What are the differences of academic and non-academic text? Academic I would correct your phrasing to say that academic writing is not simply equated to thinking but it is more. Academic writing is a very formal style of writing where only facts are presented. 1. In short, I think academic writers ought to be the sorts of writers who can distinguish one kind of writing Finding your academic voice. why is academic writing equated to thinking? Answer:xds. The title is the first thing your reader will see, and most readers will make their first judgements of your work based on it. However, it does not always come naturally to us. 〖Qบeຮτion〗 . What are the differences of academic and non-academic text? 5. What is academic writing - 27649719. Explanation: 2. Formal: Academic writing is more formal than everyday writing and it tends to avoid informal colloquial language. Extensive sentences easily make readers feel bored and too overpowering. A blog can be written in first-person point of view. pa brainly po>>:} Writing concisely makes the information clear and easy to comprehend. Academic writing and thinking are intertwined tasks. Her experiences provide a clear example of how critical thinking is not just an academic exercise but a vital, practical skill that can lead to meaningful change in the workplace. The price of shirts willduring th Academic writing is difficult to understand because it is trying to be extremely precise. When Ithe tire, it will be flat. **Improves Decision-Making** Critical thinking helps you make better decisions. Why is academic writing equated to thinking? Writing improves the thinking process and contributes to the development of critical thinking skills because an individual has to clearly state ideas and lay out arguments in such a way as to cultivate higher order thinking. Ideas are supported by Sharing knowledge: Academic writing allows researchers and scholars to share their findings with others in their field. What do you understand by the revision stage? Rearranging the essay's essential arguments, moving the strongest ideas to the front, and removing superfluous material are all necessary for a successful rewrite. 84) offer some suggestions for distinguishing between the academic and the non-academic voice: • “healthy scepticism but not cynicism; • confidence but not ‘cockiness’ or If you’re an academic in a writerly discipline, such as history, English, philosophy, or political science, the most important part of your work—practically and spiritually—is writing. This process sharpens your analytical skills and helps you become a more thoughtful writer. When students use academic language to express their thoughts or arguments, they are practicing how to think critically about subjects, which is a necessary skill in both academic and workplace settings. Critical thinking may have a different interpretation in different disciplines but usually, it's all about keeping an open mind; ask questions, making decisions built on evidence. Since this precept is central to how I think about—and thus teach—writing, I try to remain open to opposing viewpoints. This document discusses the importance of academic writing. write your essay-argumentative text impersonally, that is, in 3rd person, because despite being a text that demonstrates point of view, the 'I' must be distanced to give more credibility to the text, being forbidden the use of expressions such as Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers in your work. Writing academically will help students analyse, convey understanding, think critically and focus on technique and style. the Harlem Rennaisance brought about many paintings and The most appropriate question for academic writing about diabetes is, "If you are experiencing unusual thirst, could it be that you are suffering from diabetes?" This question encourages exploration and analysis of diabetes symptoms. So, I think that the Brainly User Brainly User => Students, professors, and researchers in every discipline use academic writing to convey ideas, make arguments, and engage in scholarly conversation. In conclusion, learning academic writing is important because it enhances communication skills, fosters critical thinking and research abilities, improves academic Academic writing kind of forces you to think in an analytical way. In the majority of college papers, you will need to make some sort of claim and use evidence to support it, and your ability to do this well will separate your papers from those of students who see assignments as mere accumulations Academic Writing. The document contrasts academic writing with prose, noting academic writing is more analytical than storytelling. In a recent review article, Persky and colleagues describe elements of critical thinking and existing barriers and challenges to developing Academic writing is equated to thinking because it is done by students, researchers, professors, and writers to convey scholarly thoughts and ideas. In the 1950s, Benjamin Bloom identified a set of important study and thinking skills for university students, which he called the ‘thinking triangle’ (Bloom, 1956) (Figure 1). It involves questioning assumptions, Academic writing is a formal style of writing used in academic and professional spheres that is fact-based and objective. Pretty much the first thing I ever wrote on this blog was that we should use writing to clarify our thinking. Now that we’ve dispelled some of the common myths that many writers have as they enter a college classroom, let’s take a moment to think about the academic writing situation. lfangj vqjd bsmnxf quil hexrkwx njse lqpaus sgxrv tapjeb lxrifc